How to create an infrastructure-less network? What are the examples?

 Question: How to create an infrastructure-less network? Explain with Example.?

Answer: The planning of existing wireless networks makes it difficult to combine different elements, made by different technological companies and different network operators.
There are so many mobile devices are available in the market that is enabled for integrated communication with the functionality of FM radio, video player, sound player, Bluetooth and GPRS capabilities, etc. New services need high bandwidth and quality of services. Currently, there are two main limitations capacity and the presence of unbalanced traffic in any mobile cellular network.

The cellular system and conventional system are the best examples of infrastructure networks. An infrastructure-less network is a temporary and organising network. The concept of ad hoc network is not new, have been approximately in different structure for over last 20 years. An infrastructure-less network is mostly identified by a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in which no concept of fixed BS or access point (AP) node is connected to MS/PC. Every node works as a router and the node also can move easily while communicating.

MANET is a self-organized, self-configurable network having no infrastructure, and in which the mobile nodes move arbitrarily. The mobile nodes can receive and relay packets as a router. Routing is a critical issue and an efficient routing protocol makes the MANET reliable.

These networks are self-configuring and can be set up randomly and on-demand. Such networks can have dynamically changing multi-hop topologies, composed of, likely, bandwidth-constrained wireless links.

The concept of the mobile ad-hoc network suggests the incorporation of routing functionality into mobile nodes, in other words, all nodes should be able to act as routers for each other.

MANET – Layer-3 Routing Core

Ad-hoc networks are not restricted to special hardware or a certain link layer. MANET is a routing core (Layer-3 routing protocols) running on top of any possible Layer-2 wireless medium that is able to provide connectivity between the neighboring (1-hop) nodes:

It is important to note a difference between MANET routing and traditional IP routing. Routing in fixed networks is based on aggregation combined with the best matching. When a packet is to be forwarded, the routing table is consulted and the packet is transmitted on the interface registered with a route containing the best match for the destination, i.e. all hosts within the same subnet are available on a single one-hop network segment via routers. However, in MANETs nodes route traffic by transmitting packets on the interface it has arrived from.