Create and outline the timeline of History of Operating Systems.

 Give three (4) examples for:

A. Batch OS
B. Distributed OS
C. Multitasking OS
D. Network OS
E. Real Time OS

Subject - "Platform Technology"

History of Operating Systems

Before Sharing History we come to know about what is Operating System.

The operating system is a system program that serves as an interface between the computing system and the end-user. Operating systems create an environment where the user can run any programs or communicate with software or applications in a comfortable and well-organized way. It also helps manage the software/hardware resource, such as file management, memory management, input/ output, and many peripheral devices like a disk drive, printers, etc. These are the popular operating system: Linux OS, Windows OS, Mac OS, VMS, OS/400, etc.

Functions of Operating System

• Processor management
• Act as a Resource Manager
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Security
• Device Management
• Input devices / Output devices
• Deadlock Prevention
• Time Management
• Coordinate with system software or hardware

Generations of Operating System:

The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s)

When the first electronic computer was developed in 1940, it was created without any operating system. In early times, users have full access to the computer machine and write a program for each task in absolute machine language. The programmer can perform and solve only simple mathematical calculations during the computer generation, and this calculation does not require an operating system.

The Second Generation (1955 - 1965)

The first operating system (OS) was created in the early 1950s and was known as GMOs. General Motors has developed OS for the IBM computer. The second-generation operating system was based on a single stream batch processing system because it collects all similar jobs in groups or batches and then submits the jobs to the operating system using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine. At each completion of jobs (either normally or abnormally), control transfer to the operating system that is cleaned after completing one job and then continues to read and initiates the next job in a punch card. After that, new machines were called mainframes, which were very big and used by professional operators.

The Third Generation (1965 - 1980)

During the late 1960s, operating system designers were very capable of developing a new operating system that could simultaneously perform multiple tasks in a single computer program called multiprogramming. The introduction of multiprogramming plays a very important role in developing operating systems that allow a CPU to be busy every time by performing different tasks on a computer at the same time. During the third generation, there was a new development of minicomputer's phenomenal growth starting in 1961 with the DEC PDP-1. These PDPs leads to the creation of personal computers in the fourth generation.

The Fourth Generation (1980 - Present Day)

The fourth generation of operating systems is related to the development of the personal computer. However, the personal computer is very similar to the minicomputers that were developed in the third generation. The cost of a personal computer was very high at that time; there were small fractions of minicomputers costs. A major factor related to creating personal computers was the birth of Microsoft and the Windows operating system. Microsoft created the first window operating system in 1975. After introducing the Microsoft Windows OS, Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the vision to take personal computers to the next level. Therefore, they introduced the MS-DOS in 1981; however, it was very difficult for the person to understand its cryptic commands. Today, Windows has become the most popular and most commonly used operating system technology. And then, Windows released various operating systems such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, and the latest operating system, Windows 7. Currently, most Windows users use the Windows 10 operating system. Besides the Windows operating system, Apple is another popular operating system built in the 1980s, and this operating system was developed by Steve Jobs, a co-founder of Apple. They named the operating system Macintosh OS or Mac OS.

Advantages of Operating System

• It is helpful to monitor and regulate resources.
• It can easily operate since it has a basic graphical user interface to communicate with your device.
• It is used to create interaction between the users and the computer application or hardware.
• The performance of the computer system is based on the CPU.
• The response time and throughput time of any process or program are fast.
• It can share different resources like fax, printer, etc.
• It also offers a forum for various types of applications like systems and web applications.

The disadvantage of the Operating System

• It allows only a few tasks that can run at the same time.
• If any error occurred in the operating system; the stored data can be destroyed.
• It is a very difficult task or works for the OS to provide entire security from the viruses because any threat or virus can occur at any time in a system.
• An unknown user can easily use any system without the permission of the original user.
• The cost of operating system costs is very high.

Types of Operating System:

1. Batch Operating System
2. Time-Sharing Operating System
3. Embedded Operating System
4. Multiprogramming Operating System
5. Network Operating System
6. Distributed Operating System
7. Multiprocessing Operating System
8. Real-Time Operating System

Batch Operating System: In Batch Operating System, there is no direct interaction between user and computer. Therefore, the user needs to prepare jobs and save offline mode to punch card or paper tape, or magnetic tape. After creating the jobs, hand them over to the computer operator; then the operator sort or creates similar types of batches like B2, B3, and B4. Now, the computer operator submits batches into the CPU to execute the jobs one by one. After that, CPUs start executing jobs, and when all jobs are finished, the computer operator provides the output to the user.

Examples: Beverage processing, biotech products manufacturing, dairy processing, food processing.

Distributed Operating system:

A distributed operating system provides an environment in which multiple independent CPU or processor communicates with each other through physically separate computational nodes. Each node contains specific software that communicates with the global aggregate operating system. With the ease of a distributed system, the programmer or developer can easily access any operating system and resource to execute the computational tasks and achieve a common goal. It is the extension of a network operating system that facilitates a high degree of connectivity to communicate with other users over the network.

Examples: telephone networks and cellular networks, computer networks such as the Internet, wireless sensor networks

Multitasking Operating System:

Multitasking, in an operating system, is allowing a user to perform more than one computer task (such as the operation of an application program) at a time. The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the other without losing information.

Examples: Windows 7,8,10,11, Linux OS, Unix OS, MAC OS

Network Operating System:

A network operating system is an important category of the operating system that operates on a server using network devices like a switch, router, or firewall to handle data, applications, and other network resources.

Types of network operating system

• Peer-to-peer network operating system: The type of network operating system that allows users to share files, resources between two or more computer machines using a LAN.

Client-Server network operating system: It is the type of network operating system that allows the users to access resources, functions, and applications through a common server or center hub of the resources.

Real-Time Operating System:

A real-time operating system is an important type of operating system used to provide services and data processing resources for applications in which the time interval required to process & respond to input/output should be so small without any delay in a real-time system. For example, real-life situations governing an automatic car, traffic signal, nuclear reactor, or aircraft require an immediate response to complete tasks within a specified time delay.

Types of the real-time operating system:

• Hard Real-Time System
• Soft Real-Time System